Of chips

Thus

replacing conclusion

The semiconductor industry has grown in a fairly short period of time (since the 1960s, 1970s) into an amazing, unique "conglomerate" of science and production. It is difficult to find an industry where the contribution of science and engineering to the final product is greater than in the production of chips. Many hundreds of scientists, engineers, specialists work and do advanced research in optics, chemistry, materials science, in various fields of physics ... etc.; develop new models and algorithms to help optimize various technological processes. At the same time, new computers allow solving more complex problems, supporting the self-development of the semiconductor industry.

The tasks that have to be solved in the development of the semiconductor industry are so complex and diverse that no single company, no single country can cope with them. Where one can find so many researching alliances of competitors to reach common goal - new technology? (one example: https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2022&no=856868)

The largest production facilities are located in Taiwan (TSMC, UMC), China (SMIC), South Korea (Samsung). Equipment and materials to produce chips are scattered around the world. Steppers for lithography are produced in the Netherlands (ASML) and in Japan (Canon, Nikon). Optics for ASML are made in Germany (Carl Zeiss). Photoresist production: Japan (TOC, JSR, etc.) and USA (DuPont, DOW), Germany, Luxembourg, Taiwan, South Korea and so on and so on…

As the semiconductor industry developed and grew, whole new industries were born. Both as part of production (example: EDA - Electron Design Automation), and as a result of the spread of digital technology computers (IT - Information Technologies, new communications, etc.).

Summing up, the development of the semiconductor industry is impossible without close cooperation between different branches of knowledge and industry, without the collaboration of scientists and engineers from different companies and countries. This production opens up new opportunities for communication, access to information, a new quality of life for people.

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Main growth drivers of the global semiconductor market are:

consumer electronics,
industrial tools and equipment,
automotive industry,
networking and communication products.

Major players/participants in the semiconductor industry market are: Broadcom, Inc., Intel Corporation, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., Taiwan Semiconductors, NXP Semiconductors, Samsung Electronics, Texas Instruments, SK Hynix, Micron Technology, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.